Pdf the distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq. Mar 02, 2020 cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are endemic in this region. Cutaneous leishmaniasis jama dermatology jama network. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by l. As there is two types of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq, zoonotic zcl and anthroponotic cl acl, the disease caused by l.
Daham ak, alalousy ta 2011 survey study for cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq. Comparison of diagnostic methods in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Several epidemiological, parasitological and clinical aspects pose a challenge for the management and control of the disease. Socioeconomic, political and environmental factors are fuelling a concomitant increase in the number of cases.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis leishmania tropica and leishmania mexicana cutaneous leishmaniasis, a relatively mild skin disease commonly known as oriental sore, is caused by leishmania tropica in the old world and leishmania mexicana in the new world. Genetic characterization of leishmania species causing. A few species of leishmania regularly affect the mucous membranes, as well as the skin. Treatment trends of cutaneous leishmaniasis in saudi arabia. All samples were detected for leishmania amastigotes by. Feb 18, 2020 leishmania tropica and leishmania major are both the main cause of anthroponotic acl and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis zcl, respectively, in the old world. A clinicoepidemiological study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in erbil, iraq 20152017 background. Currently, the disease continues to spread in the southern province of qadisiyah, about. This section focuses on cutaneous leishmaniasis cl, the most common form, both in general and in travelers. New world cutaneous leishmaniasis is common in rural areas but can also be acquired in semiurban and urban areas. Suspected number of current cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in these regions in american troops from january 2003 to may 2005 has been 848. The most common forms are cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores, and visceral leishmaniasis, which affects several internal organs usually spleen, liver, and bone marrow. To determine the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis cl in alyarmouk teaching hospital among immigrants who leave their own homes due to war and terrorism. Genetic characterization of leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq abdulsadah a.
The middle east is endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis, with countries like. It is the most common of the leishmaniases and represents 50%75% of all new cases. In the americas, it is widely distributed from southern texas to northern argentina. Notes on cutaneous leishmaniasis of dogs in iraq sciencedirect. Cdc leishmaniasis general information frequently asked. But this can take months or even years, and the sores can leave ugly scars. Manual for case management of cutaneous leishmaniasis in. However, in addition to the infecting species, the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis also depends on the immune response of the host 8.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern europe. A vector control program is in place that includes bednet distribution and regular insecticide spraying. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in al. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq.
Pdf epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in. The skin sores of cutaneous leishmaniasis usually heal on their own, even without treatment. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis produces widespread skin lesions which resemble leprosy, and may not heal on its own. On average, the sand flies that transmit leishmania are only about onefourth the size of mosquitoes or even smaller. Afghanistan, algeria, iran, iraq, saudi arabia and syria. At the opposite end of the spectrum, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis dcl is caused by polyparasitic disease with a predominance of parasitized macrophages and no granulomatous inflammation. Uncomplicated versus complicated infection the approach to management of cutaneous leishmaniasis cl begins with establishing the clinical severity of infection. Kadhum shubber 1 1 department of biology, college of science, university of alqadisiyah, aldiwaniya, iraq corresponding author. Jul 26, 2018 for example, many of the cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in u. To determine the incidence ofcutaneous leishmaniasis cl in alhaweja district and to clarify the secondary bacterial infection incl.
Currently, the disease continues to spread in the southern province of qadisiyah, about km 81 miles south of baghdad. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq article pdf available in the journal of infection in developing countries 32. Recurrent epidemics of visceral leishmaniasis in east africa ethiopia, kenya, south sudan and sudan have caused high morbidity and mortality in affected communities. Leishmaniasis strain in iraq outbreak identified sciencedaily. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is generally considered to be an innocuous disease. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in al diwaniyah province, iraq ali b. Impact leishmaniasis cutaneous leishmaniasis is an ancient scourge that has become an important disease of development. What are the signs and symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sixtyfour of skin scraping samples were collected from suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis cl patients during the period from. For example, many of the cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in u. The majority of cases are reported from the following countries. It is a skin infection caused by a singlecelled parasite that is transmitted by the bite of a phlebotomine sandfly. Cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis are the most important protozoan infection in the middle east and north africa mena. Original articles cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq citeseerx.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is a skin disease that caused by protozoa of the genus. Atypical forms occur due to the interaction between parasitic factors and the host immune response. Visceral leishmaniasis is highly endemic in iraq, somalia and sudan. Using current datasets published in english and arabic, we mapped cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence within syria and its neighboring countries. Review the current knowledge on leishmaniasis in the mena. Life cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis in larestan, southern iran. Visceral leishmaniasis is the main form of the disease in this region, also endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Review of leishmaniasis in the middle east and north africa. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease ntd. The distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq. Bozorgomid a 2018 cutaneous leishmaniasis in qasre shirin, a border area in the west of iran, veterinary world, 1112. Leishmania tropica and leishmania major are both the main cause of anthroponotic acl and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis zcl, respectively, in the old world. Unless otherwise specified, cutaneous leishmaniasis refers to localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, rather than to much less common forms, such as diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. The nature of the immune response is outlined and the finding of circulating antibodies in the.
Although leishmaniasis is endemic in over 88 countries, it mostly occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. A national leishmaniasis control program has been in effect since 1970 for vl, but not for cl. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is caused by leishmania sp. Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs either as a zoonotic or as an anthroponotic infection. Cutaneous leishmaniasis and conflict in syria volume 22. Clinically, 58% of patients had multiple lesions, while 42% had a single lesion. The present study investigates the current distribution of causative species of.
Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq wassit. The current study was including analysis of available database from iraqi cdc to determine the. The number of reported visceral leishmaniasis cases has decreased substantially in the past decade as a result of better access to diagnosis and treatment. This is the most common form of leishmaniasis, both in general and in u. The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is growing in iran, and new sources of the disease have been found. A comparative study of the diagnosis of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq by polymerase chain reaction and microbiologic and histopathologic methods. The study showed that the mean prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was 34. The transmission of leishmania major causing old world cutaneous leishmaniasis in hu.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis among immigrants in iraq background and objectives. Survey study on the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq. Pdf to determine the incidence ofcutaneous leishmaniasis cl in alhaweja district and to clarify the secondary bacterial infection incl. The disease has been neglected as a major public health problem because it is not a killing disease. The manual for case management of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the who. History and epidemiology of the disease, the causative organism, and the mode of transmission are discussed.
Our results demonstrate that cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence coincides with the presence of refugee camps figure, panel a, which is plausible given the strong association between disease outbreaks and refugee settlements. Most leishmaniasis in the middle east is the cutaneous form. Cutaneous leishmaniasis restricted by host age and maximum range of infection 63 case in age more than 15 years and minimum in age less than one years of age 12 case and other cases ranged. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease that may be misdiagnosed due to its rarity and varied clinical presentation as well as the limited use of tissue biopsy in general practice. The geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Preliminary data about cases of cl in military personnel deployed to three countries afghanistan, iraq, and kuwait in southwestcentral asia have been published previously 1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis accounts for 23 of cases and visceral leishmaniasis accounts for.
A clinicoepidemiological study on cutaneous leishmaniasis in. In humans, leishmaniasis has three general forms cutaneous, mucocutaneous and and different species of leishmania tend to cause each type. Iraq, with a population of nearly 32 million, where 23% are living below the national poverty line, has seen much strife and struggle in the past 25 years. This region accounts for 70% of the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases worldwide. Survey study on the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq mohammed j. Leishmaniasis, cutaneous chapter 4 2020 yellow book.
Alsamarai and alobaidi cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq. Rahi et al comparison of diagnostic methods in cutaneous leishmaniasis in iraq mon until a few decades ago 7. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. Dawood ka, aljeboori alm f 2016 pathological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in aldiwaniya province. A total of 107 cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were diagnosed during the study period with males representing 57% of the cases. Mar 01, 2018 cutaneous leishmaniasis cl, which is spread to humans by sandfly bites, can cause skin ulcers and eventually remain as disfiguring scars. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in qasre shirin, a border area in. Notification of leishmaniasis is mandatory in iraq. This form causes skin sores that may start out as bumps or lumps, but turn into ulcers that have a raised edge and central crater, according to the centers for disease. Likewise, major epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis have affected different parts afghanistan and the syrian arab republic. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare form of dermal infection, thus far found in ethiopia and adjacent east africa and in central and south america. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern europe.
The disease is found in 98 countries around the world. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form, which causes an open sore at the bite sites, which heals in a few months to a year and half, leaving an unpleasantlooking scar. For example, the cutaneous form of the disease is a growing health problem for u. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cl remains a serious public health concern in some parts of iraq. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a form that typically remains limited to the skin, can be caused by numerous organisms.
The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis cl in makhmur district erbil province. However, in addition to the infecting species, the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis also depends on. Cutaneous leishmaniasis continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic problem in endemic areas. Jun 24, 2019 leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern europe. Pdf life cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis in larestan. The peak transmission season typically begins in may. There are about twenty species of leishmania that may cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cdc leishmaniasis resources for health professionals. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in over 80 countries. Sixtyfour of skin scraping samples were collected from suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis cl patients during the period from october, 2014 to february, 2015 at wasit province iraq. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis, west south of iran.
In 2018, over 200 cases imported mainly from africa and the americas were reported from this region. Leishmaniasis is endemic in iraq, where both cutaneous and visceral forms of the disease are reported. A clinical study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a new focus in the. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cl has historically been present in syria, mainly in the western part of the country 1, 2. The aims of this study to report of cl in some parts of iraq. Leishmaniasis is endemic in iraq, where both forms of the disease, cutaneous and visceral, are found. According to the world health organization who, 90 percent of all cutaneous leishmaniasis cases occur in afghanistan, brazil, iran, peru, saudi arabia, and syria. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis in people. Other endemic areas include the middle east, india.
Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis is a mostly selflimiting skin disease in adults, but depending on the species, infected infants and children can develop the visceral form of the disease. Along with vector and rodent control, new cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks should be managed by prompt diagnosis and treatment, which are even more pertinent given that l. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis begins as a single skin nodule, which continues spreading until the entire body is covered by bizarre nodular lesions. An estimated 071 million new cases of leishmaniasis per year are reported from nearly 100 endemic countries. This parasitic disease is one of the most common zoonotic diseases and a major public health problem worldwide.
Jun 18, 2019 the center of the spectrum consists of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis lcl, which is the most common clinical presentation. Alsaqur tropical biological research unit, college of science, university of baghdad, baghdad, iraq abstract human cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is caused by leishmania sp. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is still with epidemic and endemic epidemiological characteristics in iraq. For example, during august 2002february 2004, the department of defense staff identified 522 parasitologically confirmed cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis cl in military personnel who were deployed to three countries afghanistan, iraq, and kuwait. Cutaneous leishmaniasis among immigrants in iraq al. Leishmania infantum and leishmania donovani, which are important causes of visceral leishmaniasis, have also occasionally been reported in cl patients. Cutaneous leishmaniasis an overview sciencedirect topics.
Pdf irjetgenetic characterization of leishmania species. Leishmaniasis is a povertyrelated disease with two main clinical forms. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is called the great imitator, because it can mimic almost all types of dermatoses. Examples of factors to consider include the form of leishmaniasis, the leishmania species that caused it, the potential severity of the case, and the patients underlying health. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cl, which is spread to humans by sandfly bites, can cause skin ulcers and eventually remain as disfiguring scars. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are endemic in this region. Cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is prevalent across the whole of iraq except.
Anthroponotic cl due to leishmania tropica is the most common form in the country, but zoonotic cl due to l. Rahi 1department of biology,college of science,wasit university,kut, iraq e mail. Until 1960, cutaneous leishmaniasis prevalence in syria was restricted to 2 areas to which it is endemic aleppo and damascus. Military personnel southwestcentral asia, 20022004 cutaneous leishmaniasis cl is a sand flyborne parasitic infection. This similarity may sometimes lead to misdiagnosis, resulting in inappropriate treatment and morbidities. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a complex entity representing a major public health problem in the who eastern mediterranean region. Rare parasitic infection leishmaniasis rising in the us. Manual for case management of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the.
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